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Consequently, at energies below about 1 GeV per nucleon, at each geomagnetic latitude there is a cutoff energy below which primary GCRs are not detected.
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The trajectories of the lowest-energy cosmic ray primaries are strongly influenced by Earth’s magnetic field. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. (This energy is comparable to that of a baseball thrown at 160 km per hour.) The number of particles drops rapidly with increasing energy, but individual particles with energies as high as several times 10 20 eV have been detected. The steady flux of these primaries at the top layer of the atmosphere is around 1,500 particles per square metre per second. Most of the GCRs detected near Earth have kinetic energies in excess of about 1 GeV per nucleon. At energies of several hundred MeV per nucleon (megaelectron volts, or one million electron volts, per nucleon), the corresponding figures are about 90, 9, and 1 percent. (An energy of 1 GeV corresponds to speeds greater than about 87 percent of the speed of light.) The remaining 2 percent are electrons and nuclei of heavier atoms. Above about 1 GeV per nucleon (gigaelectron volts, or one billion electron volts, per nucleon), the proportions are about 85 percent protons (nuclei of hydrogen atoms), with approximately 13 percent consisting of alpha particles ( helium nuclei). Primaries must be studied by using either high-altitude balloons or spacecraft.Īmong the GCRs, the relative abundances of the different nuclei and electrons vary with energy. It is the secondaries (neutrons and short-lived particles such as muons) that are observed at sea level.
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Secondary nuclei soon have their own collisions. This is because cosmic ray “primaries”-that is, the particles that arrive at the outer edge of Earth’s atmosphere-collide with atmospheric nuclei and give rise to “secondaries.” Some secondaries are fragments of the colliding nuclei, including neutrons, and others are short-lived particles created from the energy of the collisions. Arrival at EarthĬosmic ray particles are not directly observed on the surface of Earth. The rest of the cosmic rays originate either from the Sun or, almost certainly in the case of the particles with the highest energies, outside the Milky Way Galaxy. Most of these particles come from sources within the Milky Way Galaxy and are known as galactic cosmic rays (GCRs).
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Combustion Inducement/ Cosmic Fire Generation.Burn and/or melt things with cosmic fire.These flames can burn in space, and thus, have no need of the consumption of oxygen. The user can create, shape and manipulate cosmic fire from the depths of deep space, from celestial objects such as from meteors, stars, constellations, planets/planetoids, etc.